The NCERT Books are packed with quality content, an abundance of knowledge, and simple learning that not only helps students evolve their thinking but also provides them opportunities to enhance their overall talents. With the help of the curriculum, you can plan your studies, make a timetable, and work on your weak sections. Moreover, you will also learn time management while following the curriculum. Scroll down to learn more about the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2022-2023.
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The NCERT books have detailed explanations. Additionally, these are in a simple language that is easy to understand and learn. Students can refer to the syllabus of Class 12 before they prepare for their board exams. Below are the download links for each subject, along with an overview of the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12.
Table of Content
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 2022-2023
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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics (Theory Section)
| Unit No. | Chapter Names | Important Topics | Marks Distribution |
| 1 | Electrostatics | 15 | |
| Electric Charges and Fields |
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| Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance |
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| 2 | Current Electricity | ||
| Current Electricity |
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| 3 | Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism | 16 | |
| Moving Charges and Magnetism |
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| Magnetism and Matter |
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| 4 | Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current | ||
| Electromagnetic Induction |
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| Alternating Current |
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| 5 | Electromagnetic Waves | 17 | |
| Electromagnetic Waves |
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| 6 | Optics | ||
| Ray Optics and Optical Instruments |
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| Wave Optics |
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| 7 | Dual Nature of Matter | 10 | |
| Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter |
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| 8 | Atoms & Nuclei | ||
| Atoms |
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| Nuclei |
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| 9 | Electronic Devices | 12 | |
| Semiconductor Electronics |
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| 10 | Communication Systems | ||
| Communication Systems | |||
| Total | 70 |
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics (Practical Section)
| S. No. | Particulars | Marks |
| 1 | Two experiments one from each section | 08+08 |
| 2 | Practical record (experiments and activities) | 06 |
| 3 | Investigatory Project | 03 |
| 4 | Viva on experiments, activities and project | 05 |
| Total | 30 |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Physics. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry (Theory Section)
| S.No. | Chapters | Important Topics | Marks Distribution |
| 1 | Solid State |
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23 |
| 2 | Solutions |
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| 3 | Electrochemistry |
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| 4 | Chemical Kinetics |
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| 5 | Surface Chemistry |
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| 6 | General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements |
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19 |
| 7 | The p-Block elements |
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| 8 | The d- and f - Block Elements |
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| 9 | Coordination Compounds |
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| 10 | Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
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28 |
| Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers |
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| 11 | Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids |
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| 12 | Amines |
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| 13 | Biomolecules |
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| 14 | Polymers |
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| 15 | Chemistry in Everyday Life |
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| Total | 70 |
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry (Practical Section)
| S No. | Practical | Marks distribution |
| 1 | Volumetric Analysis | 08 |
| 2 | Salt Analysis | 08 |
| 3 | Content-based Experiment | 06 |
| 4 | Project Work | 04 |
| 5 | Class record and viva | 04 |
| Total | 30 |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Chemistry. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths
NCERT Syllabus For Class 12 Maths
| Unit Name | Important Topics | Marks distribution |
| Relations and Functions |
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08 |
| Algebra |
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10 |
| Calculus |
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35 |
| Vectors and three-dimensional Geometry |
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14 |
| Linear Programming |
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05 |
| Probability |
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08 |
| Total | 80 | |
| Internal Assessment | 20 | |
| Total | 100 |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Maths. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 - Biology (Theory Section)
| S.No. | Chapters | Important Topics | Marks Distribution |
| 1 | Reproduction in organisms |
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14 |
| 2 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants |
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| 3 | Human Reproduction |
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| 4 | Reproductive Health |
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| 5 | Principles of Inheritance And Variation |
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18 |
| 6 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance |
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19 |
| 7 | Evolution |
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| 8 | Human Health and Disease |
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14 |
| 9 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production |
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| 10 | Microbes in Human Welfare |
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| Biotechnology: Principles and Processes |
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10 | |
| 11 | Biotechnology and its Applications |
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| 12 | Organisms And Population |
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14 |
| 13 | Ecosystem |
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| 14 | Biodiversity and Conservation |
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| 15 | Environmental Issues |
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| Total | 70 |
| S No. | Practical | Marks distribution |
| 1 | One Major Experiment | 05 |
| 2 | One Minor Experiment | 04 |
| 3 | Slide Preparation | 05 |
| 4 | Spotting | 07 |
| 5 | Practical Record/Project record + Viva Voce | |
| Total | 30 |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Biology. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English
Flamingo – Prose
Flamingo – Poetry
Vistas – Supplementary Reader
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 English. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Hindi
The curriculum is divided into 4 books, including Antra, Aroh, Antral, and Vitaan. You can find the syllabus below.
| Book Name | Chapter Names |
| Antra Bhaag 2 | Chapter 1: जयशंकर प्रसाद |
| Chapter 2: सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला | |
| Chapter 3: सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्सयायन अज्ञेय | |
| Chapter 4:केदारनाथ सिंह | |
| Chapter 5: विष्णु खरे | |
| Chapter 6: रघुबीर सहाय | |
| Chapter 7: तुलसीदास | |
| Chapter 8: मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी | |
| Chapter 9: विद्यापति | |
| Chapter 10: केशवदास | |
| Chapter 11: घनानंद | |
| Chapter 12: रामचंद्र शुक्ल | |
| Chapter 13: पंडित चंद्रधर शर्मा गुलेरी | |
| Chapter 14: ब्रजमोहन व्यास | |
| Chapter 15: फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु | |
| Chapter 16: भीष्म साहनी | |
| Chapter 17: असगर वजाहत | |
| Chapter 18: निर्मल वर्मा | |
| Chapter 19: रामविलास शर्मा | |
| Chapter 20: ममता कालिया | |
| Chapter 21: हज़ारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी | |
| Aroh Bhaag 2 | Chapter 1: हरिवंश राय बच्चन |
| Chapter 2: आलोक धन्वा | |
| Chapter 3: कुंवर नारायण | |
| Chapter 4: रघुवीर सहाय | |
| Chapter 5: गजानन माधव मुक्तिबोध | |
| Chapter 6: शमशेर बहादुर सिंह | |
| Chapter 7: सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला | |
| Chapter 8: तुलसीदास | |
| Chapter 9: फ़िराक गोरखपुरी | |
| Chapter 10: उमाशंकर जोशी | |
| Chapter 11: महादेवी वर्मा | |
| Chapter 12: जैनेन्द्र कुमार | |
| Chapter 13: धर्मवीर भारती | |
| Chapter 14: फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु | |
| Chapter 15: विष्णु खरे | |
| Chapter 16: रज़िया सज्जाद जहीर | |
| Chapter 17; हजारी प्रसाद द्विवेदी | |
| Chapter 18: बाबा साहेब भीमराव अंबेडकर | |
| Vitaan Bhag 2 | Chapter 1: सिल्वर वैडिंग |
| Chapter 2: जूझ | |
| Chapter 3: अतीत में दबे पाँव | |
| Chapter 4: डायरी के पन्ने | |
| Antral Bhaag 2 | Chapter 1; सूरदास की झोपडी |
| Chapter 2: आरोहण | |
| Chapter 3: बिस्कोहर की माटी | |
| Chapter 4: अपना मालवा- खाऊ- उजाड़ू |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Hindi. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Accountancy
Below is the Class 12 Accountancy syllabus given.
| Part | Chapter Name |
| Part A: Accounting for partnership firms | Chapter 1: Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation |
| Chapter 2: Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts | |
| Chapter 3: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner | |
| Chapter 4: Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – 172 Retirement/Death of a Partner | |
| Chapter 5: Dissolution of Partnership Firm | |
| Part B: Financial Statement Analysis | Chapter 1: Accounting for Share Capital |
| Chapter 2: Issue and Redemption of Debentures | |
| Chapter 3: Financial Statements of a Company | |
| Chapter 4: Analysis of Financial Statement | |
| Chapter 5: Accounting Ratios | |
| Chapter 6: Cash Flow Statement |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Accountancy. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Business Studies
The curriculum is divided into two Parts; Part A: Principles and Functions of Management and Part B: Business Finance and Marketing.
| Part | Chapter Name |
| Part A: Principles and Functions of Management | Chapter 1: Nature and Significance of Management |
| Chapter 2: Principles of Management | |
| Chapter 3: Business Environment | |
| Chapter 4: Planning | |
| Chapter 5: Organising | |
| Chapter 6: Staffing | |
| Chapter 7: Directing | |
| Chapter 8: Controlling | |
| Part B: Business Finance and Marketing | Chapter 9: Financial Management |
| Chapter 10: Financial Markets | |
| Chapter 11: Marketing | |
| Chapter 12: Consumer protection |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Business Studies. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Economics
It is divided into two parts; Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics and Part B: Indian Economic Development. You can have a look.
| Part | Chapter Name |
| Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics | Chapter 1: Introduction |
| Chapter 2: National Income Accounting | |
| Chapter 3: Money and Banking | |
| Chapter 4: Determination of Income and Employment | |
| Chapter 5: Government Budget and Economy | |
| Chapter 6: Open Economy Macroeconomics | |
| Part B: Indian Economic Development | Chapter 1: Indian Economy On The Eve Of Independence |
| Chapter 2: Indian Economy 1950-1990 | |
| Chapter 3: Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation | |
| Chapter 4: Poverty | |
| Chapter 5: Human Capital Formation In India | |
| Chapter 6: Rural Development | |
| Chapter 7: Employment: Growth Informalisation & Other Issues | |
| Chapter 8: Infrastructure | |
| Chapter 9: Environment & Sustainable Development | |
| Chapter 10; Comparative Development Experiences of India & Its Neighbours |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Economics. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 History
History is a theoretical and important subject in Class 12. It teaches us about past events, inspires our present, and motivates us to carve a better future. The NCERT syllabus for Class 12 History 2022-2023 is divided into three parts. You can have a look at the curriculum from the table given below.
| Part | Unit | Topics covered |
| PART I | BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES: The Harappan Civilization: |
Broad overview: Early urb an centers Story of discovery: Harappan civilization Excerpt: Archaeological report on a major site Discussion: How it has been utilized by archaeologists/ historians |
| KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS: Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) |
Broad overview: Political and economic History from the Mauryan to the Gupta period Story of discovery: Inscriptions and the Decipherment of the script. Shifts in the Understanding of political and economic history. Excerpt: Ashokan inscription and Gupta period land grant Discussion: Interpretation of inscriptions by historians. |
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| KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS: Early Society Societies (C. 600 BCE-600 CE) |
Social Histories: Using the Mahabharata Issues in social history, inclu ding caste, class, kinship and gender Story of discovery: Transmission and publications of the Mahabharata Excerpt: from the Mahabharata, illustrating how it has been used by historians. Discussion: Other sources for reconstructing social history. |
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| THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDINGS: Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE – 600 CE) |
Broad overview: A History of Buddhism: Sanchi Stupa.
A brief review of religious histories of Vedic religion, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism (Puranic Hinduism) Focus on Buddhism. Story of discovery: Sanchi stupa. Excerpt: Reproduction of sculptures from Sanchi. Discussion: Ways in which sculpture has been interpreted by historians, other sources for reconstructing the history of Buddhism. |
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| PART-II | THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS: Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) |
Broad Overview: Outlines of social and cultural life as they appear in traveller’s account. Story of their writings: A discussion of where they travelled, what they wrote and for whom they wrote. Excerpts: from Al Biruni, Ibn Battuta, Francois Bernier. Discussion: What these travel accounts can tell us and how they have been interpreted by historians. |
| BHAKTI –SUFI TRADITIONS: Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth centuries) |
Broad overview: Outline of religious developments during this period saints. Ideas and practices of the Bhakti-Sufi Story of Transmission: How Bhakti-Sufi compositions have been preserved. Excerpt: Extracts from selected Bhakti-Sufi works. Discussion: Ways in which these have been interpreted by historians. |
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| AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL: VIJAYANAGARA (c. fourteenth to sixteenth centuries) | Broad Over View: New Architecture: Hampi Outline of new buildings during Vijayanagar period-temples, forts, irrigation facilities. Relationship between architecture and the political system Story of Discovery: Account of how Hampi was found. Excerpt: Visuals of buildings at Hampi Discussion: Ways in which historians have analyzed and interpreted these structures. |
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| PEASANTS, ZAMINDARS AND THE STATE: Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c.
sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) |
Broad overview: The Aini-Akbari Structure of agrarian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries. Patterns of change over the period. Story of Discovery: Account of the compilation and translation of Ain I Akbari Excerpt: from the Ain-iAkbari. Discussion: Ways in which historians have used texts to reconstruct history. |
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| PART-III | COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE: Exploring Official Archives | Broad overview: Colonialism and Rural Society: Evidence from Official Reports Life of zamindars, peasants and artisans in the late18thcentury Permanent Settlement, Santhals and Paharias Story of official records: An account of why official Investigations into rural societies were undertaken and the types of records and reports produced. Excerpts: From Fifth Report Discussion: What the official records tell and do not tell, and how they have been used by historians. |
| REBELS AND THE RAJ: 1857 Revolt and its Representations | Broad overview: The events of 1857-58. Vision of Unity How these events were recorded and narrated. Focus: Lucknow Excerpts: Pictures of 1857. Extracts from contemporary accounts. Discussion: How the pictures of 1857 shaped British opinion of what had happened. |
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| MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT: Civil Disobedience and Beyond | Broad overview: The Nationalist Movement 1918 -48. The nature of Gandhian politics and leadership. Focus: Mahatma Gandhi and the three movements and his last days as “finest hours” Excerpts: Reports from English and Indian language newspapers and other contemporary writings. Discussion: How newspapers can be a source of history |
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| FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION: The Beginning of a New Era | Broad overview: The Making of the Constitution an overview: Independence and then new nation state. The making of the Constitution Focus: The Constituent Assembly Debates Excerpts: from the debates Discussion: What such debates reveal and how they can be analyzed. |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 History.
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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography
Geography deals with the study of Earth's surface and the interaction between humans and their environment.
The NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography is divided into two parts, namely, Fundamentals of Human Geography and India: People and Economy.
The course content is given below in the table.
Candidates can have an overlook.
Part A: Fundamentals of Human Geography
| Unit | Unit Name | Topics covered |
| Unit 1 | Human Geography | Nature and Scope |
| Unit 2 | People | The World Population- distribution, density and growth Population change – Components of population change, Demographic Transition Human development – concept; selected indicators, international comparisons |
| Unit 3 | Human Activities | Primary activities – concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities – some examples from selected countries Secondary activities- concept; manufacturing: types – household, small scale, large scale; agro based and mineral based industries Tertiary activities – concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities Quaternary activities- concept; people engaged in quaternary activities – case study from selected countries |
| Unit 4 | Transport, Communication and Trade | Land transport – roads, railways; transcontinental railways Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes Air transport- Intercontinental air routes Oil and gas pipelines Satellite communication and cyber space importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; role of WTO in international trade |
| Unit | Unit Name | Topics covered |
| Unit 6 | People Population: distribution, density and growth |
Composition of population – linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population |
| Unit 7 | Human Settlements | Rural settlements – types and distribution Urban settlements – types, distribution and functional classification |
| Unit 8 | Resources and Development | Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problems Water resources-availability and utilization irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods-rain water harvesting and watershed management Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation Planning in India- target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study) |
| Unit 9 | Transport, Communication and International Trade | Transport and communication-roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication net works International trade- changing pattern of India’s foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports |
| Unit 10 | Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems | Environmental pollution; urban-waste disposal Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums Land degradation |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Geography.
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NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science
Class 12 Political Science Syllabus is categorized into two parts.
The names of these sections are Contemporary World Politics and Politics in India since independence.
The course content in these parts is explained with the help of a table given below.
Part A: Contemporary World Politics
| Unit | Unit/ Chapter Name | Topics covered |
| Unit 1 | The End of Bipolarity | Disintegration of Soviet Union, Unipolar World, Middle East Crisis - Afghanistan, Gulf War, Democratic Politics and Democratization - CIS and the 21st Century (Arab Spring). |
| Unit 2 | New Centres of Power | Organizations: European Union, ASEAN, SAARC, BRICS. Nations: Russia, China, Israel, India, Japan and South Korea. |
| Unit 3 | Contemporary South Asia | Conflicts and efforts for Peace and Democratization in South Asia: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives. |
| Unit 4 | United Nations and its Organizations | Principle Organs, Key Agencies: UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, ILO, Security Council and the Need for its Expansion. |
| Unit 5 | Security in Contemporary World | Security: Meaning and Types; Terrorism. |
| Unit 6 | Environment and Natural Resources | Environmental Movements, Global Warming and Climate Change, Conservation of Natural Resources. |
| Unit 7 | Globalization | Globalization: Meaning, Manifestations and Debates. |
Part B: Politics in India Since Independence
| Unit | Unit/ Chapter Name | Topics covered |
| Unit 1 | Challenges of Nation-Building | Nation and Nation Building. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel and Integration of States. Nehru’s approach to nation-building; Legacy of partition: challenge of 'refugee' Resettlement, the Kashmir problem. Political conflicts over language. Linguistic Organisation of States. |
| Unit 2 | Planned Development | Changing nature of India’s Economic Development Planning Commission and Five Year Plans, National Development Council, NITI Aayog. |
| Unit 3 | India's Foreign Policy | Principles of Foreign Policy; India’s Changing Relations with Other Nations: US, Russia, China, Israel; India’s Relations with its Neighbours: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar; India’s Nuclear Programme. |
| Unit 4 | Parties and the Party Systems in India | One Party Dominance, Bi-Party System, Multi-Party Coalition System. |
| Unit 5 | Democratic Resurgence | Jaya Prakash Narayan and Total Revolution, Ram Manohar Lohia and Socialism, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya and Integral Humanism, National Emergency, Democratic Upsurges - Participation of the Adults, Backwards and Youth. |
| Unit 6 | Regional Aspirations | Rise of regional parties. Punjab Crisis. The Kashmir Issue, Movements for Autonomy. |
| Unit 7 | Indian Politics: Recent Trends and Developments | Era of Coalitions, National Front, United Front, United Progressive Alliance (UPA) - I & II, National Democratic Alliance (NDA) I, II, III & IV, Issues of Development and Governance. |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Political Science. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Philosophy
There are two units in Class 12 Philosophy syllabus, including Ethics (Moral Philosophy) and Theory of Reality (MetaPhysics). These are further divided into certain topics. The details are as follows-
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Topics covered |
| 1 | Ethics (Moral Philosophy) |
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| 2 | Theory of Reality (MetaPhysics) |
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Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Philosophy. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Psychology
There are seven units in Class 12 Philosophy syllabus, including Variations in Psychological Attributes, Self and Personality, Meeting Life Challenges, Psychological Disorders, Therapeutic Approaches, Attitude and Social Cognition, Social Influence and Group Processes. These are further divided into certain topics. The details are as follows-
| Unit No. | Unit Name | Topics covered |
| 1 | Variations in Psychological Attributes |
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| 2 | Self and Personality |
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| 3 | Meeting Life Challenges |
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| 4 |
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| 5 | Therapeutic Approaches |
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| 6 | Attitude and Social Cognition |
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| 7 | Social Influence and Group Processes |
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Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Psychology. Click here
NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Sociology
There are 2 parts in Class 12 Sociology syllabus, including Indian Society and Change and Development in India. These are further divided into 15 units. The details are as follows-
| Parts | Unit Names |
| Part A: Indian Society | Unit 1: Introducing Indian Society |
| Unit 2: The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society | |
| Unit 3: Social Institutions: Continuity and Change | |
| Unit 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion | |
| Unit 6: The Challenges of Cultural Diversity | |
| Unit 7: Suggestions for Project Work | |
| Part B: Change and Developement in India | Unit 8: Structural Change |
| Unit 9: Cultural Change | |
| Unit 11: Change and Development in Rural Society | |
| Unit 12: Change and Development in Industrial Society | |
| Unit 15: Social Movements |
Read more about NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 Sociology. Click here
Students can download the NCERT Syllabus for Class 12 for all subjects by following the steps given below-
- Go to the official website, ncert.nic.in.
- Go to the segment of ‘Links’, and select the choice of ‘Syllabus of Classes I-XII.’
- A new page will appear, click on ‘Click Here for download of Syllabus at Secondary and Higher Secondary Level.
- Download the NCERT Class 12 syllabus for the subjects you want or all of them. You may get a PDF file.
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